托福聽(tīng)力常考知識(shí)點(diǎn)剖析：紅光與遠(yuǎn)紅光

托福聽(tīng)力中,，涉及到的學(xué)術(shù)話題非常廣泛,，其中光學(xué)相關(guān)內(nèi)容經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在聽(tīng)力材料中。尤其是關(guān)于植物生長(zhǎng)的光環(huán)境,，紅光和遠(yuǎn)紅光的影響是一個(gè)重要的考點(diǎn),。本文將結(jié)合托福官方真題Official28的Lecture3,，深入探討紅光與遠(yuǎn)紅光的相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn),，幫助考生更好地理解這一主題,。

Introduction:

Red and Far-red

光是植物生長(zhǎng)的關(guān)鍵環(huán)境因素之一,，通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)光質(zhì),，可以有效控制植物的形態(tài)發(fā)育,。在設(shè)施栽培領(lǐng)域，紅光和遠(yuǎn)紅光的吸收比率對(duì)植物的生長(zhǎng)至關(guān)重要,。

Background information:

Light is an essential environmental factor in most ecosystems. Photosynthetic organisms must sense and respond to light cues to optimize their growth and metabolism. The quantity, direction, and spectral composition of light provide crucial information about the environment, which can be utilized for adaptive responses. A significant group of photosensory receptors known as phytochromes absorb light in the red and far-red spectrum. These receptors were initially discovered in plants during the 1950s but have since been identified in various eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.

Far-red light is situated at the extreme red end of the visible spectrum, typically between 710 and 850 nm. It is often considered dimly visible to certain eyes and is largely reflected or transmitted by plants due to chlorophyll's absorbance spectrum. While it is primarily perceived by the plant photoreceptor phytochrome, some organisms can utilize it as an energy source for photosynthesis. Additionally, certain deep-sea fish species rely on far-red light for vision.

Knowledge points:

1. 光在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中是一個(gè)極其重要的元素，特別是光合生物需要感知和響應(yīng)光以?xún)?yōu)化其生長(zhǎng)和代謝,。

2. 光感受器中有一部分由光敏色素組成,，能夠吸收紅光和遠(yuǎn)紅光。

3. 大多數(shù)遠(yuǎn)紅光會(huì)被植物反射,，但某些植物可在光合作用中利用遠(yuǎn)紅光作為能量來(lái)源,。一些深海魚(yú)類(lèi)也依賴(lài)遠(yuǎn)紅光進(jìn)行視覺(jué)識(shí)別。

Vocabulary prediction:

Infrared (紅外線)

Photoreceptor (感光器)

Ratio (比率)

Simulate (模擬)

Test Point – Official Question from Official28L3:

Plants are also able to distinguish between specific wavelengths of light that the human eye cannot even see! Specifically there’s a wavelength called far-red. Although why they call it far-red ... I mean, it is not red at all. It lies in the infrared range of the spectrum. We can’t see it, but plants can sense it as a different wavelength.

OK. Now I need to mention another thing about photosynthesis. I didn’t explain how different wavelengths of light affect photosynthesis. When a plant absorbs light for performing photosynthesis, it only absorbs some wavelengths of light and reflects others.

Plants absorb most of the red light that hits them, but plants only absorb some of the far-red light that hits them. They reflect the rest. Remember this because it’s going to be relevant in an experiment I want to discuss.

This fascinating experiment showed that plants not only detect and react to specific wavelengths of light, plants can also detect and react to changes in the ratio of one wavelength to another. This experiment was called the Pampas experiment.

Knowledge points:

1. 遠(yuǎn)紅光并不是紅色的,，它位于光譜中的紅外線范圍,。人類(lèi)無(wú)法看到，但植物能夠感知它,。

2. 在進(jìn)行光合作用時(shí),，植物僅吸收特定波長(zhǎng)的光線，反射其他波長(zhǎng),。

3. 植物吸收大部分照射到的紅光,，但只能吸收一部分遠(yuǎn)紅光,。

4. 植物還可以對(duì)不同波長(zhǎng)之間的比率做出反應(yīng),。

通過(guò)了解紅光與遠(yuǎn)紅光的相關(guān)知識(shí)，托?？忌梢愿玫貞?yīng)對(duì)聽(tīng)力部分的相關(guān)內(nèi)容,。掌握這些知識(shí)點(diǎn),，不僅有助于提高聽(tīng)力理解能力，也為后續(xù)的學(xué)術(shù)學(xué)習(xí)打下良好的基礎(chǔ),。希望考生們?cè)趥淇贾腥〉脙?yōu)異成績(jī)！

托福聽(tīng)力技巧分享

在準(zhǔn)備TOEFL Listening的過(guò)程中,，掌握一些有效的技巧將幫助你更好地理解聽(tīng)力材料,，提高分?jǐn)?shù)。以下是一些我個(gè)人認(rèn)為非常實(shí)用的聽(tīng)力技巧,，希望能對(duì)你有所幫助,！??

1. 了解考試結(jié)構(gòu)

TOEFL Listening部分通常包括四到六段聽(tīng)力材料,，每段約為3-5分鐘,。這些材料可能是講座,、對(duì)話或討論,。熟悉這些格式可以幫助你在考試時(shí)更快適應(yīng),。

2. 做好筆記

在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中,，Note-taking是非常重要的,。你應(yīng)該練習(xí)如何快速記錄關(guān)鍵信息,，如日期、地點(diǎn),、人物和重要概念,。可以使用縮寫(xiě)和符號(hào)來(lái)提高記錄速度,。例如：

• “Prof.” = Professor
• “&” = and
• “w/” = with

3. 理解上下文

在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中,，嘗試抓住context，即講話者的意圖和情感色彩,。通過(guò)理解上下文,，可以幫助你更容易回答相關(guān)問(wèn)題。例如,，如果一個(gè)教授在講課時(shí)表現(xiàn)出興奮,，可能意味著他談?wù)摰氖且粋€(gè)重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

4. 預(yù)測(cè)內(nèi)容

在聽(tīng)之前,，查看題目可以幫助你預(yù)測(cè)內(nèi)容,。比如，題目是：“What is the main topic of the lecture?” 你可以提前設(shè)想可能會(huì)討論的主題,，這樣在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候更加專(zhuān)注,。

5. 多做練習(xí)

多做模擬題是提高聽(tīng)力的關(guān)鍵。你可以在網(wǎng)上找到很多practice tests,，如：

• Sample Listening Question: “What does the professor imply about the research?”
• Listening Text: “In today’s lecture, we will discuss the impact of climate change on marine life.”
• Answer Choices: A) It has no effect; B) It is beneficial; C) It is harmful; D) It is unpredictable.

6. 分析錯(cuò)誤

每次練習(xí)后,，花時(shí)間分析錯(cuò)誤的題目。弄清楚為什么選錯(cuò)了答案，是因?yàn)闆](méi)聽(tīng)清還是理解錯(cuò)誤,。這樣可以幫助你在以后的聽(tīng)力中避免相同的錯(cuò)誤,。

7. 提高詞匯量

擴(kuò)大你的vocabulary也是提升聽(tīng)力水平的重要途徑。你可以通過(guò)閱讀,、聽(tīng)播客或看電影來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)新單詞,。記住，許多聽(tīng)力材料會(huì)使用學(xué)術(shù)詞匯,，因此熟悉這些詞匯會(huì)使你更容易理解內(nèi)容,。

8. 保持良好心態(tài)

最后，保持積極的心態(tài)非常重要,?？荚嚂r(shí)可能會(huì)遇到不熟悉的內(nèi)容，但不要因此而慌張,。相信自己的能力,，盡量集中注意力，努力抓住每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié),。

希望這些技巧能夠幫助你在托福聽(tīng)力部分取得好成績(jī),！記得多加練習(xí)，祝你好運(yùn),！??

托福聽(tīng)力部分對(duì)于許多考生來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn),。了解常見(jiàn)的題型能夠幫助你更好地準(zhǔn)備考試，提高你的聽(tīng)力理解能力,。以下是一些托福聽(tīng)力常見(jiàn)題型的詳細(xì)介紹,，供考生們參考和學(xué)習(xí)。

1. Main Idea Questions ??

這些問(wèn)題通常會(huì)詢(xún)問(wèn)一段對(duì)話或講座的主要觀點(diǎn),。為了回答這類(lèi)問(wèn)題,，你需要抓住講話者的核心思想。
例如：

Question: What is the main idea of the lecture?

在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候,，注意講話者強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容和重復(fù)的關(guān)鍵詞,，這些往往是主旨所在。

2. Detail Questions ??

細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題會(huì)要求你回憶聽(tīng)到的具體信息,。這類(lèi)問(wèn)題通常涉及特定的事實(shí)或數(shù)據(jù),。
例如：

Question: According to the professor, what are the three main reasons for the decline in bee populations?

在聽(tīng)時(shí)，建議做簡(jiǎn)短的筆記,，記錄下重要的數(shù)字,、日期或事件，以便后續(xù)回答,。

3. Function Questions ??

功能性問(wèn)題會(huì)詢(xún)問(wèn)某個(gè)句子或段落在整個(gè)對(duì)話或講座中的作用,。
例如：

Question: What is the purpose of the woman’s comment about the new policy?

此類(lèi)問(wèn)題需要你理解講話者的意圖,，可以通過(guò)分析語(yǔ)氣和上下文來(lái)推測(cè)。

4. Inference Questions ??

推理問(wèn)題要求你根據(jù)所聽(tīng)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行合理推斷,。這類(lèi)問(wèn)題通常不會(huì)直接在錄音中給出答案,，而是需要你結(jié)合上下文進(jìn)行思考。
例如：

Question: What can be inferred about the student’s attitude towards the project?

在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中,，注意講話者的情感表達(dá)和暗示，這將有助于你作出推斷,。

5. Attitude Questions ????

態(tài)度問(wèn)題關(guān)注講話者的情緒和態(tài)度,。這類(lèi)問(wèn)題通常會(huì)要求你判斷講話者對(duì)某件事情的看法。
例如：

Question: How does the speaker feel about the recent changes in the curriculum?

留意語(yǔ)調(diào),、重音和措辭,，這些都能反映講話者的態(tài)度。

6. Organization Questions ??

組織問(wèn)題通常會(huì)詢(xún)問(wèn)對(duì)話或講座的結(jié)構(gòu)和安排,。這類(lèi)問(wèn)題可以幫助你理解信息的流動(dòng),。
例如：

Question: How is the lecture organized?

聽(tīng)的時(shí)候，注意各個(gè)部分之間的連接詞和轉(zhuǎn)折,，這能幫助你理解整體框架,。

7. Summary Questions ??

總結(jié)問(wèn)題要求你概括所聽(tīng)內(nèi)容的要點(diǎn)。這類(lèi)問(wèn)題通常會(huì)給出幾個(gè)選項(xiàng),，你需要選擇最符合整體內(nèi)容的答案,。
例如：

Question: Which of the following best summarizes the lecture?

在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中，盡量把握每個(gè)部分的重點(diǎn),，這樣在選擇答案時(shí)會(huì)更加準(zhǔn)確,。

掌握托福聽(tīng)力的常見(jiàn)題型不僅能提升你的應(yīng)試能力，還能增強(qiáng)你對(duì)英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力的理解,。建議考生在備考時(shí),，多做模擬練習(xí)，熟悉各種題型的特點(diǎn)和解題技巧,。通過(guò)不斷的練習(xí),，你將能更自信地面對(duì)托福聽(tīng)力部分的挑戰(zhàn)！??