托福閱讀高難度文章長(zhǎng)難句實(shí)例解析：導(dǎo)管和堅(jiān)硬的物質(zhì)木質(zhì)素,。在備考托福的過(guò)程中,，考生常常會(huì)遇到復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)難句,，這些句子往往包含多個(gè)修飾成分和從句,，使得理解變得更加困難,。本文將通過(guò)一個(gè)具體的例子來(lái)解析長(zhǎng)難句的結(jié)構(gòu),，幫助考生提高閱讀理解能力。

Example of a Complex Sentence:

These include conducting vessels (that transport water and minerals upward from the roots) and (that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body) and the stiffening substance lignin, (which support the plant body), (helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.)

Vocabulary Explanation:

• vessel /'ves(?)l/ n. ship; container; tubular structure, such as blood vessels.
• photosynthetic /?f?ut?sin'θetik/ adj. related to photosynthesis.
• stiffen /'st?fn/ vt. to make something harder or more rigid.
• lignin /'l?gn?n/ n. a complex organic polymer in plant cell walls.

Structural Breakdown:

1. (that transport water and minerals upward from the roots) - a clause modifying conducting vessels.

2. (that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body) - another clause modifying conducting vessels, indicating the direction of movement.

3. (which support the plant body) - a clause modifying substance lignin.

4. (helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight) - a non-finite verb phrase providing additional information.

Translation Reference:

這些包括導(dǎo)管(用來(lái)從根部向上運(yùn)輸水與礦物質(zhì)以及從葉子向植物體其余各部分運(yùn)輸光合作用產(chǎn)物)和堅(jiān)硬的物質(zhì)木質(zhì)素(用來(lái)維持植物體的生命,，有助于植物體大部分表面暴露于陽(yáng)光之下),。

通過(guò)對(duì)這一復(fù)雜句子的分析，考生可以更好地理解托福閱讀中的長(zhǎng)難句,，從而提升自己的閱讀能力,。希望以上內(nèi)容能為你的備考提供幫助，讓你在托?？荚囍腥〉美硐氤煽?jī),。

在備考托福的過(guò)程中，閱讀部分的長(zhǎng)難句往往讓考生感到困惑,。掌握長(zhǎng)難句的解析技巧,，不僅能夠提高閱讀理解能力，還能為你的考試增添信心,。本文將分享一些實(shí)用的長(zhǎng)難句解析技巧,，幫助你在托福閱讀中游刃有余。??

1. 理解句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)

在面對(duì)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)句時(shí),，首先要識(shí)別句子的主干,，即主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),。通常,，句子的核心信息隱藏在這些基本成分中。例如：

“The discovery of a new species, which has been found in the Amazon rainforest, has surprised scientists.”

這里的主語(yǔ)是“The discovery”,，謂語(yǔ)是“has surprised”,，而“of a new species”和“which has been found in the Amazon rainforest”則是對(duì)主語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。

2. 注意從句的使用

長(zhǎng)難句中常常包含多個(gè)從句,，這些從句可能會(huì)使句子變得復(fù)雜,。理解從句的類(lèi)型（如定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句等）是關(guān)鍵。例如：

“The book that you gave me last week was fascinating.”

在這個(gè)句子中,，“that you gave me last week”是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,，修飾“the book”。識(shí)別出這個(gè)從句后,，可以更清楚地理解句子的整體意思,。

3. 分析連接詞的作用

連接詞在長(zhǎng)難句中起著重要的作用，它們可以指示句子之間的關(guān)系,。常見(jiàn)的連接詞包括“although”,、“because”、“however”等,。理解這些連接詞的含義,，可以幫助你更好地把握句子的邏輯關(guān)系。例如：

“Although it was raining, we decided to go for a hike.”

這里的“Although”表明了轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,，理解這一點(diǎn)后,，你就能更好地理解句子的意圖。

4. 學(xué)會(huì)拆分句子

對(duì)于特別復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)句,，可以嘗試將其拆分成幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的句子,。這種方法可以幫助你逐步理解句子的每個(gè)部分。例如：

“The research conducted by scientists in various fields, including biology and chemistry, indicates that climate change is accelerating.”

可以拆分為：

• “The research conducted by scientists indicates that climate change is accelerating.”
• “The scientists are from various fields, including biology and chemistry.”

通過(guò)拆分句子,，你能更清晰地理解每個(gè)部分的意思,。

5. 多做練習(xí)，積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)

最后,，最有效的方式就是多做練習(xí),。可以選擇一些托福閱讀材料,，專(zhuān)注于長(zhǎng)難句的解析,。通過(guò)不斷的練習(xí)，你會(huì)逐漸熟悉各種句型和結(jié)構(gòu),，從而提高自己的閱讀能力,。以下是一些推薦的練習(xí)資源：

• Official TOEFL Practice Online
• ETS TOEFL Reading Practice Questions
• TOEFL iBT Test Prep Planner

在備考托福的過(guò)程中，長(zhǎng)難句的解析能力直接影響到閱讀理解的效果,。通過(guò)上述技巧的運(yùn)用,，相信你能在托福閱讀中取得更好的成績(jī)。加油,！??

對(duì)于許多托?？忌鷣?lái)說(shuō)，面對(duì)高難度的文章時(shí)常會(huì)感到無(wú)從下手,。其實(shí),，掌握一些技巧可以幫助你更有效地理解和分析這些文章,。以下是一些實(shí)用的技巧，希望能對(duì)你有所幫助,！??

1. 理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)

在閱讀高難度文章之前,，首先要了解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。通常,，學(xué)術(shù)文章包括引言,、方法、結(jié)果和討論等部分,。通過(guò)識(shí)別這些部分,，你可以更好地把握作者的觀點(diǎn)和論證邏輯,。

Example: In a passage about climate change, the introduction might present the issue, while the results section discusses findings from recent studies.

2. 擴(kuò)展詞匯量

高難度文章往往使用較為復(fù)雜的詞匯,。因此，擴(kuò)大你的詞匯量是非常重要的,。建議每天學(xué)習(xí)新單詞,，并嘗試在寫(xiě)作和口語(yǔ)中使用它們。

Vocabulary Example: “ubiquitous” (無(wú)處不在的), “paradigm” (范式), “dichotomy” (二分法)

3. 練習(xí)快速閱讀

在考試中,，時(shí)間有限,，因此提高你的快速閱讀能力至關(guān)重要?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)定時(shí)閱讀練習(xí)來(lái)提高你的速度和理解力,。

Practice Tip: Set a timer for 10 minutes and read a passage. Then, summarize it in a few sentences to check your understanding.

4. 注重細(xì)節(jié)與例證

高難度文章往往包含豐富的細(xì)節(jié)和例證，這些都是理解文章的重要線索,。注意作者如何使用數(shù)據(jù)和例子來(lái)支持他們的論點(diǎn),。

Example Question: What evidence does the author provide to support their claim about renewable energy?

5. 理解作者的意圖

了解作者的寫(xiě)作意圖可以幫助你更好地理解文章內(nèi)容。作者可能是在闡述觀點(diǎn),、提出質(zhì)疑或討論某個(gè)問(wèn)題,。

Question Type: Why does the author mention the study conducted in 2020? What point are they trying to make?

6. 多做模擬題

通過(guò)做模擬題，你可以熟悉考試的題型和風(fēng)格,。建議每周至少做一套完整的托福閱讀模擬題,，并進(jìn)行詳細(xì)分析。

Sample Passage: “The impact of social media on communication has been profound, changing the way people interact…”

Sample Question: How has social media changed communication according to the passage?

7. 反思與總結(jié)

每次完成閱讀后,，花幾分鐘反思你所讀內(nèi)容的主要觀點(diǎn)和細(xì)節(jié),。這不僅有助于記憶，還能提高你的理解能力,。

Reflection Prompt: What were the main arguments presented in the article? What examples did the author use?

掌握以上技巧后,，相信你在面對(duì)托福高難度文章時(shí)會(huì)更加自信！祝你備考順利,，取得理想的成績(jī),！???

As a TOEFL candidate, you may have encountered various topics in the reading section that require a solid understanding of scientific concepts. One such topic that often appears is "lignin." In this article, we will explore how to effectively tackle questions related to lignin in the TOEFL reading section, making your preparation more efficient and focused. ??

Understanding Lignin

Lignin is a complex organic polymer found in the cell walls of many plants, providing them with rigidity and resistance to decay. This topic can be quite challenging due to its scientific nature, but with the right approach, you can master it. Here are some key points to consider:

1. Identify Key Vocabulary

When you come across the term "lignin" in your reading practice, pay attention to related vocabulary. Words like "cellulose," "plant structure," and "biodegradation" are often used in conjunction with lignin. Familiarize yourself with these terms to enhance your comprehension and retention. ??

2. Focus on Context

In the TOEFL reading section, context is essential. When you see a passage discussing lignin, look for clues in the surrounding sentences. For instance, if the text mentions lignin's role in plant health or its impact on the environment, take note of how these ideas connect. Understanding the broader context will help you answer questions more accurately.

3. Practice with Sample Questions

To prepare for the types of questions you might encounter, practice with sample questions related to lignin. Here’s an example:

Reading Text: "Lignin is a crucial component of plant cell walls, contributing to the structural integrity of plants. It also plays a significant role in the process of photosynthesis."

Question: What is the primary function of lignin in plants?

Answer Choices: A) To facilitate photosynthesis B) To provide structural support C) To absorb water D) To store nutrients

Correct Answer: B) To provide structural support

4. Analyze Different Perspectives

Sometimes, passages may present contrasting viewpoints about lignin. It’s important to recognize these differences. For example, one section might discuss lignin's benefits for plant health, while another highlights its challenges in biomass conversion for biofuels. Being able to analyze and compare these perspectives will enhance your critical thinking skills and improve your performance on the reading section. ??

5. Engage with Additional Resources

To deepen your understanding of lignin, consider exploring additional resources such as scientific articles, documentaries, or educational videos. Websites like ScienceDirect or Nature often have comprehensive studies available. Engaging with diverse materials will not only help you grasp the concept better but also expose you to different writing styles, which is beneficial for the TOEFL. ??

6. Time Management During Practice

When practicing reading passages, time management is crucial. Allocate specific time limits for each passage and stick to them. This will help simulate the actual test conditions and improve your speed and accuracy. Aim to read passages related to lignin and answer questions within 20 minutes to build your efficiency. ?

7. Review and Reflect

After completing practice passages, take time to review your answers. Reflect on any mistakes you made and understand why the correct answers were right. This self-assessment will reinforce your learning and help you avoid similar errors in the future.

In conclusion, mastering the topic of lignin in the TOEFL reading section requires a combination of vocabulary knowledge, contextual understanding, and analytical skills. By following these strategies and consistently practicing, you will increase your confidence and improve your overall reading comprehension. Good luck with your TOEFL preparation! ??